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French protocol for the diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus - 27/08/24

Protocole national de diagnostic et de soins du lupus systémique de l’adulte et de l’enfant

Doi : 10.1016/j.revmed.2024.07.006 
Zahir Amoura a, 1, , Brigitte Bader-Meunier b, 1, , Marie Antignac c, Nathalie Bardin d, Cristina Belizna e, Alexandre Belot f, Bernard Bonnotte g, Jean-David Bouaziz h, François Chasset i, Laurent Chiche j, Fleur Cohen a, Nathalie Costedoat-Chalumeau k, Eric Daugas l, Hervé Devilliers g, Elisabeth Diot m, Elisabeth Elefant n, Stanislas Faguer o, Nicole Ferreira m, Eric Hachulla p, Thomas Hanslik q, Miguel Hie a, Noémie Jourde-Chiche r, Véronique Le Guern k, Thierry Martin s, Alexis Mathian a, Marc Michel t, Makoto Miyara u, Thomas Papo v, Christophe Richez w, Marc Scherlinger x, Jean Sibilia x, Yurdagul Uzunhan y, Denis Wahl z, Géraldine Wojtasik p, Cécile Yelnik p

Collaborators2

  Collaborators: Marc Andre, Internal Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand; Boris Bienvenu, Internal Medicine, 15-20, Paris; Gilles Blaison, Internal Medicine, Colmar; Patrick Blanco, Immunology, Bordeaux; Pascal Cathebras, Internal Medicine, Saint-Étienne; Dominique Chauveau, Nephrology, Toulouse; Olivier Chosidow, Dermatology, Paris; Johanna Clouscard, Association Lupus France; Christophe Deligny, Internal Medicine, Fort-de-France; Pierre Duhaut, Internal Medicine, Amiens; Pierre Gobert, Internal Medicine, Avignon; Hervé Levesque, Internal Medicine, Rouen; Nadine Magy-Bertrand, Internal Medicine, Besançon; Isabelle Melki, Paediatric Rheumatology, Robert-Debré, Paris; Micheline Pha, Internal Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris; Xavier Puechal, Rheumatology, Cochin, Paris; Viviane Queyrel, Internal Medicine, Nice; Loïc Raffray, Internal Medicine, La Réunion; Bruno Ranchin, Paediatric Nephrology, Lyon; Marianne Riviere, French Association of Lupus and Other Autoimmunes Diseases; Pascal Roblot, Internal Medicine, Poitiers; Amelie Servettaz, Internal Medicine, Reims.

Collaborators

Marc Andre aa, Boris Bienvenu ab, Gilles Blaison ac, Patrick Blanco ad, Pascal Cathebras ae, Dominique Chauveau af, Olivier Chosidow ag, Johanna Clouscard ah, Christophe Deligny ai, Pierre Duhaut aj, Pierre Gobert ak, Hervé Levesque al, Nadine Magy-Bertrand am, Isabelle Melki an, Micheline Pha ao, Xavier Puechal ap, Viviane Queyrel aq, Loïc Raffray ar, Bruno Ranchin as, Marianne Riviere at, Pascal Roblot au, Amelie Servettaz av
aa Internal Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand, France 
ab Internal Medicine, 15–20, Paris, France 
ac Internal Medicine, Colmar, France 
ad Immunology, Bordeaux, France 
ae Internal Medicine, Saint-Étienne, France 
af Nephrology, Toulouse, France 
ag Dermatology, Paris, France 
ah Association Lupus France, France 
ai Internal Medicine, Fort-de-France, France 
aj Internal Medicine, Amiens, France 
ak Internal Medicine, Avignon, France 
al Internal Medicine, Rouen, France 
am Internal Medicine, Besançon, France 
an Paediatric Rheumatology, Robert-Debré, Paris, France 
ao Internal Medicine, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France 
ap Rheumatology, Cochin, Paris, France 
aq Internal Medicine, Nice, France 
ar Internal Medicine, La Réunion 
as Paediatric Nephrology, Lyon, France 
at French Association of Lupus and Other Autoimmunes Diseases, France 
au Internal Medicine, Poitiers, France 
av Internal Medicine, Reims, France 

a Department of Internal Medicine, Institute E3M, CIMI-Paris, Faculty of medicine, National Reference Centre of Systemic Lupus, Antiphospholipid Syndrome, and Other Autoimmune Diseases, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP–HP, Sorbonne University, boulevard de l’Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France 
b Paediatric Immunology and Rhumatologie, Hospital Necker for Sick Children, AP–HP, Paris, France 
c Department of Pharmacy, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP–HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France 
d Department of Immunology, Biogénopôle, Timone Hospital, AP–HM, Marseille, France 
e Department of Internal Medicine, Department Clinique of L’Anjou, Angers, France 
f Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, Dermatology, Reference Centre for Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases in Children (RAISE), Femme Mère Enfant Hospital, Lyon University Hospital, Bron, France 
g Department of Internal Medicine, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France 
h Department of Dermatology, Saint-Louis Hospital, AP–HP, Paris, France 
i Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Tenon Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France 
j Department of Internal Medicine, Marseille Public University Hospital System, Marseille, France 
k Department of Internal Medicine, Referral Centre for Rare Autoimmune and Systemic Diseases of Île-de-France, Centre for Epidemiology and Statistics, institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, Cochin Hospital, AP–HP, University Paris Cité, Paris, France 
l Department of Nephrology, Bichat-Claude Hospital, AP–HP, Nord University of Paris, Paris, France 
m Department of Internal Medicine, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France 
n Department of Public Health, Teratogens Reference Centre (CRAT), Trousseau Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France 
o Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Transplantation, Immunity and Environment (TImE) Research Group, Reference Centre of Rare Renal Diseases, University Hospital of Toulouse, Toulouse, France 
p Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical immunology, Reference Centre of Autoimmune Systemic Rare Diseases of North and North-West of France (CeRAINO), Lille University, Inserm, University Hospital of Lille, Lille, France 
q Department of Internal Medicine, Ambroise-Paré Hospital, AP–HP, Paris, France 
r Nephrology and Renal Transplant Centre, Conception Hospital, Marseille, France 
s Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France 
t Department of Internal Medicine, National Referral Centre for Autoimmune Cytopenias, Créteil University Hospital, Créteil, France 
u Department of Immunology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP–HP, University of Sorbonne, Paris, France 
v Department of Internal Medicine, Bichat Hospital, AP–HP, Paris, France 
w Department of Rhumatologie, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France 
x Department of Rhumatologie, Strasbourg University Hospital of Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France 
y Department of Pneumology, Centre of Reference for Rare Lung Diseases, Avicenne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris North University, Bobigny, France 
z Department of Vascular Medicine and National Referral Centre for Rare Vascular and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, University Hospital of Nancy, Nancy, France 

Corresponding author.
In corso di stampa. Prove corrette dall'autore. Disponibile online dal Tuesday 27 August 2024
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Abstract

Because Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a rare disease, and due to the significant prognostic impact of early management, a diagnosis confirmed by a physician with experience in SLE is recommended, for example from an expert center. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, existing manifestations should be identified in particular, renal involvement by an assessment of proteinuria, disease activity and severity should be determined, potential complications anticipated, associated diseases searched for, and the patient's socioprofessional and family context noted. Therapeutic management of SLE includes patient education on recognizing symptoms, understanding disease progression as well as when they should seek medical advice. Patients are informed about routine checkups, treatment side effects, and the need for regular vaccinations, especially if they are receiving immunosuppressive treatment. They are also advised on lifestyle factors such as the risks of smoking, sun exposure, and dietary adjustments, especially when they are receiving corticosteroids. The importance of contraception, particularly when teratogenic medications are being used, and regular cancer screening are emphasized. Support networks can help relieve a patient's isolation. The first-line medical treatment of SLE is hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), possibly combined with an immunosuppressant and/or low-dose corticosteroid therapy. The treatment of flares depends on their severity, and typically involves HCQ and NSAIDs, but may be escalated to corticosteroid therapy with immunosuppressants or biologic therapies in moderate to severe cases. Because there is no curative treatment, the goals of therapy are patient comfort, preventing progression and flares, and preserving overall long-term health and fertility. The frequency of follow-up visits depends on disease severity and any new symptoms. Regular specialized assessments are necessary, especially when treatment changes, but a frequency of every 3 to 6 months is recommended during periods of remission and monthly during active or severe disease, especially in children. These assessments include both clinical and laboratory tests to monitor complications and disease activity, with specific attention to proteinuria.

Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.

Résumé

En raison de la rareté du lupus systémique (LS) et de l’impact significatif d’une prise en charge précoce sur le pronostic, il est recommandé de faire confirmer le diagnostic par un médecin expérimenté dans le LS, comme ceux des centres experts. Le diagnostic étant confirmé, il est crucial de lister les manifestations en cours, notamment l’atteinte rénale par l’évaluation de la protéinurie, d’évaluer l’activité et la gravité de la maladie, d’anticiper les complications potentielles, de rechercher des maladies associées et de prendre en compte le contexte socio-professionnel et familial du patient. La prise en charge thérapeutique du LS comprend une éducation essentielle des patients sur la reconnaissance des symptômes, les déclencheurs de consultations médicales et la compréhension de la progression de la maladie. Les patients sont informés sur l’importance des examens de routine, les effets secondaires des traitements et la nécessité d’une vaccination régulière, en particulier sous traitement immunosuppresseur. Ils reçoivent également des conseils sur les facteurs de style de vie, tels que les risques du tabagisme, l’exposition au soleil et les ajustements alimentaires, surtout en cas d’utilisation de corticostéroïdes. L’importance de la contraception, particulièrement lors de l’utilisation de médicaments tératogènes, et les dépistages réguliers de cancers sont soulignés. Les réseaux de soutien aident à réduire l’isolement des patients. Concernant le traitement médicamenteux, le traitement de fond comprend l’hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), parfois associée à un immunosuppresseur et/ou une corticothérapie à faible dose. Le traitement des poussées varie en fonction de leur gravité, impliquant généralement l’HCQ et les AINS, mais peut nécessiter une escalade vers une corticothérapie avec des immunosuppresseurs ou des thérapies biologiques dans les cas modérés à sévères. L’absence de traitement curatif signifie que les objectifs s’étendent à assurer le confort, à prévenir la progression et les poussées, et à préserver la santé globale et la fertilité à long terme. La fréquence du suivi dépend de la gravité de la maladie et de l’apparition de nouveaux développements. Des évaluations spécialisées régulières sont nécessaires, surtout lors des changements de traitement, avec une fréquence suggérée de tous les 3 à 6 mois pendant les périodes de quiescence et mensuellement pour une maladie active ou sévère, en particulier chez les enfants. Ces évaluations incluent des examens cliniques et de laboratoire pour surveiller les complications et l’activité de la maladie, avec une attention particulière à la protéinurie.

Il testo completo di questo articolo è disponibile in PDF.

Keywords : Systemic lupus, Management, Treatment, Patient education, Follow-up

Mots clés : Lupus systémique, Prise en charge, Traitement, Éducation des patients, Suivi

Abbreviations : ACEI, aCL, ACPA, ACR, ACTH, ANA, ANCA, Anti-AQP4, Anti-MOG, Anti-RNP, Anti-Sm, APA, aPL, APLC, APS, ARB, AUC, β2GP1, βhCG, BLys, BMI, CAPS, CAVB, CLASI, CNS, CQ, CPK, CRAT, CRP, CP, CT, CVD, DLCO, DNA, DORIS, dsDNA, ECG, ELSIA, ENA, ENT, ESC, EULAR, FPDM, G-CSF, GnRH, GFR, HAS, HBV, HCQ, HCV, HELLP, HIV, HPV, ILD, IFNAR1, ISN, ITP, IV, LDH, LDL, LIP, LLDAS, LMWH, MAS, MMF, MRI,, MTX, NIH,, NP, NSAID, NSIP, NYHA, OP, PAH, PCR, PGA, PET, PLGF, PNS, RPS, RTX, SC, SCORE, SD-OCT, sFlt-1, SLE, SLEDAI 1, SLEDAI-2k2, SLICC, SPF, T2T, TMA, TPE, TTP, UIP, UV, VKA, WHO


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