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Le rameau transverse de la branche dorsale du nerf ulnaire : anatomie et rapports avec les voies arthroscopiques du poignet - 17/04/08

Doi : RCO-05-2005-91-3-0035-1040-101019-200513851 

M. Ehlinger [1],

E. Rapp [1],

J.-M. Cognet [1],

P. Clavert [1],

F. Bonnomet [1],

J.-L. Kahn [1],

J.-F. Kempf [1]

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Le but de ce travail était de définir l'anatomie morphologique du rameau transverse de la branche dorsale du nerf ulnaire, et de définir ses rapports avec les voies d'abord arthroscopiques du poignet (4-5, 6R et 6U), à partir 45 dissections de pièces anatomiques.

Le rameau transverse est variable dans son existence oscillant entre 80 % des cas selon la littérature et 27 % pour notre étude (12 fois sur 45). Selon notre étude, il présente un diamètre moyen de 1 mm et un trajet tangentiel à l'articulation radio-carpienne. Deux fois sur 3, il parcourt moins de 50 % de la largeur du poignet. Dans 83 % des cas, il est situé à 5-6 mm en distalité du processus styloïde ulnaire. Il existe ainsi une zone à risque schématisée par un rectangle de largeur de 10 mm sur 50 % de la largeur du poignet, centré sur le processus styloïde ulnaire, en regard de l'interligne articulaire radio-carpien. Deux types de variations anatomiques, différentes de celles déjà publiées, ont été observées.

Le rameau transverse est situé à proximité des voies d'abord arthroscopiques 4-5, 6R et 6U. Les résultats de notre étude anatomique soulignent l'existence d'une zone à risque schématisée par un cercle centré sur chaque voie d'abord, de 5 à 7 mm de rayon incluant 83 % des rameaux transverses.

Afin d'éviter une complication nerveuse, il faut avoir à l'esprit l'anatomie de la branche dorsale du nerf ulnaire, l'existence de ces zones à risques et une parfaite connaissance des voies d'abord. Ce respect des structures nerveuses est d'autant plus important que cette région anatomique de la face dorsale du poignet peut être utilisée comme lambeau pédiculé pour la chirurgie reconstructrice.

Transverse radioulnar branch of the dorsal ulnar nerve: anatomic description and arthroscopic implications from 45 cadaveric dissections

Purpose of the study

We conducted an anatomic study of the transverse branch of the dorsal ulnar nerve to describe its morphology and position in relation to arthroscopic exploration portals.

Material and methods

Forty-five non-side-matched anatomic specimens of unknown age and gender were preserved in formol. The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve was identified and dissected proximally to distally in order to reveal the different terminal branches. The morphometric analysis included measurement of the length and diameter of the transverse branch and measurement of wrist width. We also measured the smallest distance between the transverse branch and the ulnar styloid process, and between the branch and usual arthroscopic portals (4-5, 6R, 6U) in the axis of the forearm.

Results

The transverse branch was inconstant. It was found in 12 of the 45 dissection specimens (27%). In two-thirds of the specimens, the branch ran over less than 50% of the wrist width, tangentially to the radiocarpal joint. Mean nerve diameter was 1 mm. It was found 5-6 mm from the ulnar styloid process and was distal to it in 83% of the specimens. The dissections demonstrated two anatomic variants. Type A corresponded to a branch running distally to the ulnar styloid process, parallel to the joint line (10/12 specimens). Type B exhibited a trajectory proximal to the ulnar styloid process, crossing the ulnar head (2/12 specimens). The relations with the arthroscopic portals (4-5, 6R, 6U) showed that the mean distance from the branch to the portal was 3.75 mm for the 4-5 portal (distally in 11/12 specimens), 3.68 mm for the 6R portal (distally in 10/12 specimens), and 4.83 mm for the 6U portal (distally in 7 specimens and proximally in 5).

Discussion

To our knowledge, there has been only one report specifically devoted to this transverse branch. Two other reports simply mention its existence. According to the literature, the transverse branch of the dorsal ulnar nerve occurs in 60-80% of the cases. We found two anatomic variations different than those described in the literature. Based on our findings and data reported previously, we propose a new classification, describing two main types. In Type 1, the transverse branch arises proximally to the ulnar styloid process;type 1A and type IB are described in relation to the direction of the branch. In Type II, the branch arises distally to the ulnar styloid process;type IIA and type IIB again being described in relation to the direction of the branch. On the tangential trajectory over the radiocarpal joint, the morphometric data show a zone of risk described by a rectangle measuring 10 mm wide (6 mm distal and 4 mm proximal to the ulnar styloid process) and covering 50% of the wrist width. The relations with arthroscopic portals describe a zone of risk corresponding to a 5-7 mm radius circle centered on the portals (4-5, 6R, 6U), which includes 83% of the transverse branches.


Mots clés : Poignet , arthroscopie , branche dorsale du nerf ulnaire , étude anatomique

Keywords: Wrist , arthroscopy , dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve , anatomic study


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Vol 91 - N° 3

P. 208-214 - maggio 2005 Ritorno al numero
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