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Fréquence élevée des descellements prothétiques aseptiques après utilisation d'un couple titane implanté-polyéthylène - 16/04/08

Doi : RCO-02-2004-90-1-0035-1040-101019-ART3 

P. Barouk [1],

C. Maynou [1],

H.-F. Hildebrand [2],

F. Aubertin [3],

J. Breme [3],

X. Cassagnaud [1],

H. Mestdagh [1]

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Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer les descellements aseptiques de prothèses totales de hanche observés à l'occasion de la révision de deux types de cupules acétabulaires (186 au total) à 84 mois de recul et de rechercher leur origine.

Dans cette série, différents types de tiges (avec ou sans ciment) et de têtes étaient utilisées. Parmi celles-ci, 62 têtes en titane implanté. Quarante-sept patients porteurs de 52 têtes en titane implanté ont été revus. Les caractéristiques physico-chimiques et métallurgiques d'une tête en titane implanté retirée lors d'une reprise ont pu également être étudiées.

L'usure annuelle moyenne était de 0,18 mm/an. On déplorait 13 reprises pour descellement aseptique. Dans ces cas, l'usure était de 0,34 mm/an. Il s'y associait une métallose dans 8 cas. Les mêmes types d'implants acétabulaires et fémoraux associés à d'autres types de têtes ne donnaient lieu qu'à un seul descellement aseptique sur 118 cas. L'étude en microscopie électronique mettait en évidence des rayures, et la disparition de la couche d'ions azote à la surface de la tête en titane implanté.

C'est pour améliorer les performances tribologiques du titane, qu'a été proposée l'implantation ionique ou projection d'ions azote à la surface de la tête sur une épaisseur d'environ un micron. Le nombre important de descellements aseptiques, l'usure du polyéthylène, la métallose et les modifications observées à la surface de la tête, mettent en avant la responsabilité des têtes en titane implanté dans ces descellements aseptiques.

Ce traitement de surface ne permet donc pas une bonne protection de la tête. Les patients toujours porteurs de ces têtes doivent faire l'objet d'une surveillance étroite afin de dépister précocement un descellement aseptique et une métallose.

High incidence of total hip arthroplasty aseptic loosening with ion-coated titanium femoral heads

Purpose of the study

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of aseptic loosening among a series of total hip arthroplasties evaluated at 84 months and to search for the cause. Two types of acetabular cups had been implanted. It was hypothesized that the ion coating of the titanium head could be involved in the deterioration of titanium/polyethylene implants.

Material and methods

Two non-cemented acetabular cups differing only by the presence or not of a hypoxyapatite coating were studied. Different types of femoral heads (stainless steal, chromium-cobalt, alumina, zincrona, nitrurated titanium, ion-coated titanium) and femoral stems (with or without cement) were implanted. Sixty-two ion-coated titanium heads were implanted and 47 patients with 52 heads were reviewed. Clinical outcome was assessed with the Postel-Merle-d'Aubigné score and the Livermoore method was used for radiological assessment of the bone-implant interface and polyethylene wear. The physico-chemical properties of one titanium head explanted after aseptic loosening were also studied.

Results

At 84 months follow-up, the mean clinical score was 15.8/18 points. Mean polyethylene wear was 0.18 mm/year. There were 13 revisions for aseptic loosening: two bipolar, nine acetabular and two femoral. Mean wear for the explanted implants was 0.34 mm/year. Metallosis was observed in eight cases. Arthroplasties with the same types of femoral stem and acetabular implants but with other types of heads (stainless steal, chromium-cobalt, alumina, zincrona, nitrurated titanium) led to only one case of aseptic loosening among 118 implantations. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of scratch lines, disappearance of the nitrogen ion layer, decreased hardness, and increased roughness of the titanium head.

Discussion

The poor friction properties of titanium are well known. To improve performance, ion coating has been proposed. This technique consists in projecting nitrogen ions onto the surface of the head to form a surface coating measuring about one micron. The high incidence of aseptic loosening, polyethylene wear, metallosis, and modifications of the head surface (disappearance of the nitrogen ion layer, scratch marks, etc.) suggest ion-coated titanium heads could be the cause of these aseptic loosenings.

Conclusion

Ion-coating has not provided good protection of the titanium head. Patients with this type of head should be followed carefully in order to detect aseptic loosening or metallosis early.


Mots clés : Prothèse de hanche , titane , tête fémorale

Keywords: Hip prosthesis , ion-coated titanium , femoral head


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Vol 90 - N° 1

P. 26-32 - Febbraio 2004 Ritorno al numero
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