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Un nouvel implant pour les fractures de l'humérus proximal : la plaque à corbeille - 16/04/08

Doi : RCO-02-2004-90-1-0035-1040-101019-ART2 

M. Ehlinger [1],

P. Gicquel [2],

P. Clavert [1],

F. Bonnomet [1],

J.-F. Kempf [1]

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Nous avons réalisé une étude comparative de trois systèmes d'ostéosynthèse des fractures de l'humérus proximal dont les conclusions ont permis l'élaboration d'un implant d'ostéosynthèse rigide extra-médullaire. Cet implant tire son originalité de la fixation spécifique des tubérosités par un système de griffes organisées en corbeille. Il existe sous deux versions, avec et sans verrouillage de la vis centrale céphalique.

Le travail que nous rapportons est l'étude de ce prototype par deux tests mécaniques statiques sur pièces cadavériques congelées, sur la base d'un modèle expérimental de fracture à quatre fragments de l'humérus proximal. Les premiers tests ont été réalisés en compression axiale permettant d'analyser le comportement mécanique global de l'implant et d'évaluer l'intérêt du système de verrouillage de la vis centrale céphalique. La seconde série de tests a été réalisée en traction, permettant l'analyse du comportement des tubérosités fixées par le système de griffes. Les deux versions de prototypes ont été comparées à un implant connu. Nous avons évalué les montages par leur tolérance mécanique jugée sur la charge limite notée à l'inflexion de la courbe, et leur rigidité jugée sur la pente de la courbe jusqu'à cette valeur.

Il résultait de la première étude que l'implant, amélioré du système de verrouillage de la vis centrale céphalique, présentait de meilleures caractéristiques mécaniques globales sans pour autant qu'une différence significative ait été mise en évidence. La notion de meilleure tenue des tubérosités par le système de griffes, que laissait présager la première partie, était renforcée par les données de l'observation de la seconde étude, sans qu'il apparaisse pour autant de différence statistiquement significative.

A new implant for proximal humeral fracture: experimental study of the basket plate

Purpose of the study

We conducted a comparative study of three ostheosynthesis systems for proximal humeral fractures. The conclusions led to the elaboration of a rigid extramedullary osteosynthesis implant. This novel implant allows specific fixation of the tuberosities via six adjustable and removable hooks organized like a basket. There are two versions, with and without a central cephalic locking screw. We report two static biomechanical studies conducted to analyze this material.

Material and methods

The two studies were performed on fresh frozen cadaver specimens with known bone density and with an experimental model of a four-fragment fracture of the proximal humerus. The first tests were designed to measure axial pressure reproducing the physiological movement applying the most stress on the head of the humerus. This allowed a global analysis of the mechanical behavior of the implant and an assessment of the contribution of the central cephalic locking screw. The second series of tests were traction tests used to analyze the behavior of the tuberosities fixed with the hooks. We assess the assemblies by measuring the mechanical resistance: rigidity of the fixation was recorded in mm/100N. Pre- and post-procedure x-rays and photographs were obtained to allow a subjective assessment of fragment displacement.

Results

The first series of tests demonstrated that the implant, with the central cephalic locking screw, presented good overall mechanical properties. The notion of better stability of the tuberosities obtained with the hooks, as seen during the first tests, was reinforced by the data from the second tests, although no statistically significant difference was demonstrated. We also noted that there was no statistically significant correlation between bone density and the slopes of the force-resistance curves.

Discussion

This prototype implant has an overall mechanical resistance equivalent to the reference implant, with at least equivalent performance. Proof of the usefulness of the central locking screw was not established, even though improved tolerance to loading by better force distribution seemed apparent. The contribution of the hook basket was not demonstrated. Data from the observations do however suggest the expectations of the implant will be fulfilled. Tests conducted on a larger scale would probably demonstrate a difference. It is clear that the small number of implants used here limited the study. Comparison with data in the literature show that this new prototype is adapted to the mechanics of the proximal humerus. Resistant to physiological stress, the implant allows pendular movement and passive physical therapy during the early post-operative period.


Mots clés : Épaule , fixation interne , fracture proximale , étude biomécanique

Keywords: Shoulder , internal fixation , proximal fracture , biomechanical study


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Vol 90 - N° 1

P. 16-25 - Febbraio 2004 Ritorno al numero
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