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Pedicle closing-wedge osteotomy for the treatment of fixed sagittal imbalance: purpose of the study - 27/03/08

Doi : RCOE-05-2006-92-3-0035-1040-101019-200519777 

X. Chiffolot [1],

J.-P. Lemaire [1],

I. Bogorin [1],

J.-P. Steib [1]

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Ostéotomie de soustraction pédiculaire dans le traitement des déséquilibres antérieurs du rachis

L'ostéotomie transpédiculaire (OTP) est destinée à restituer l'équilibre sagittal du rachis. Les séries publiées peu nombreuses ne permettent pas toujours d'évaluer les résultats et les risques de cette intervention majeure. Notre série bicentrique comprend 34 patients: 19 dos plats postopératoires, 6 cyphoscolioses, 5 spondylarthrites ankylosantes et 4 cals vicieux. De 1996 à 2003, 20 femmes et 14 hommes (âge moyen 46,5 ans) ont été opérés par OTP lombaire. Au recul moyen de 4 ans, les deux séries ont été analysées à l'aide du logiciel Spineview et un questionnaire de satisfaction clinique y était associé.

La correction sagittale moyenne lombaire a été de 31 degrés pour un angle moyen d'ostéotomie de 28,9 degrés avec restitution du porte à faux C7 proche de 0. Les paramètres pelviens ont été modifiés: réduction de la version pelvienne de 16 degrés et augmentation de la pente sacrée de 8 degrés. Le saignement moyen peropératoire a été de 1400 cc (300 à 4500 cc) pour une durée moyenne de 260 mn. On déplore 4 brèches durales suturées sans conséquence; 2 cruralgies et 2 sciatiques postopératoires spontanément résolutives. Les patients ont été levés au 4e jour avec sortie au 12e jour et la reprise d'activité s'est effectuée à 6,73 mois sans reconversion dans 6 cas sur 10. Nous déplorons 8 pseudarthroses (25 %) avec rupture du matériel d'ostéosynthèse (vide antérieur, insuffisance de correction) nécessitant une reprise postérieure avec greffe antérieure associée. L'indice clinique de satisfaction a été de 90 % avec pour 28 % des patients une transformation de l'image corporelle.

L'OTP sur un niveau corrige de plus de 30 degrés le plan sagittal et rééquilibre les différentes gîtes en sectionnant les trois colonnes sous contrôle neurologique direct. La planification préopératoire garantit la stabilité de la correction considérant la gîte de T9 et les versions passée et future. Une ostéosynthèse étendue est nécessaire. La constitution d'une solution de continuité faite par les disques voisins et la fermeture postérieure relative de l'OTP, doit faire discuter une arthrodèse antérieure associée devant toute ouverture discale excessive avant la faillite de l'ostéosynthèse.

L'OTP offre de grandes possibilités de correction de l'équilibre sagittal. Une greffe antérieure associée devrait mettre à l'abri des démontages.

Pedicle closing-wedge osteotomy for the treatment of fixed sagittal imbalance: purpose of the study

The aim of this study was to analyze x-ray results in patients who underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy for complex deformities (flat back, kyphosis) leading to fixed sagittal imbalance.

Material and methods

Thirty-four patients underwent surgery between 1996 and March 2003 in two centers, the orthopedic surgery unit devoted to spinal surgery and sports traumatology at the Strasbourg University Hospitals and the spinal surgery unit at the Chenove Clinic (Dijon). The series included 20 women and 14 men, with a mean age of 46.5 years (range, 14-74 years) treated for postoperative flat back (n=19), kyphoscoliosis (n=6), ankylosing spondylarthritis (n=5), and malunion (n=4). After careful planning to achieve the necessary degree of correction, the patient was installed on a Cotrel table with a stable support to limit blood loss and facilitate reduction maneuvers via elevation of the lower limbs. The technique started by resection of the posterior arch, the transverse processes, and the pedicles, followed by partial resection of the body with a chisel with fluoroscopic guidance. Closure was achieved by in situ reduction with compressive rotation. Adjacent discs were then evaluated to search for any opening that could be filled by an anterior graft to complete the stabilization. The osteosynthesis used two-, four-, and six-rod assemblies. The six-rod assemblies enabled anchoring the fixation above and below before the osteotomy. Two prebent rods completed the assembly at reduction after osteotomy. Weight bearing started on day 4. A protective brace was worn for 3 months by 19 patients. The patients resumed their occupational activities on average 6.73 months postoperatively with no change in activity for 63%. Overall satisfaction was close to 90% for excellent outcome.

Results

All clinical results were analyzed with the Profil software from Surgiview. X-ray data were analyzed with Spineview. A self-administered clinical questionnaire was used to evaluate pain, result of the operation, and the impact on the patient's body image. On average, the wedge osteotomy measured 28.9° for correction of lumbar lordosis by 31.5° with a maximum of 65°. The misalignment at C7 was reduced from 51 mm to 2 mm. Pelvic tilt improved 16°, sacral slope 8°. There were four dura mater breaches that had to be sutured, but with no clinical consequence (one progression to meningocele). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 1400 cc (range, 300-4500 cc) for a mean operative time of 260 min (range, 165-450 min). There were two early infections at day 15 postop which resolved with antibiotics. Four patients developed resolving sciatica (n=2) or cruralgia (n=2) during the following months. The short-term follow-up revealed eight nonunions (25%) with rupture of osteosynthesis material and loss of correction. Opening in the adjacent discs and insufficient posterior closure explain this mechanical complication.

Conclusion

Pedicle subtraction osteotomy is an original operative technique reserved for specialized centers. A highly experienced team is needed to control the risks involved. Sagittal balance should be one of the important goals for modern spinal surgery.


Mots clés : Ostéotomie , transpédiculaire , rachis , déséquilibre antérieur

Keywords: Spine , pedicle closing-wedge , osteotomy , fixed sagittal imbalance


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Vol 92 - N° 3

P. 257-265 - Maggio 2006 Ritorno al numero

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