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Intra- and postoperative fractures of the femur in total knee arthroplasty - 27/03/08

Doi : RCOE-03-2006-92-2-0035-1040-101019-200519774 

P. Hernigou [1],

G. Mathieu [1],

P. Filippini [1],

A. Demoura [1]

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Facteurs du risque de fracture du fémur distal dans les prothèses totales du genou : étude de 32 fractures per et postopératoires

Trente-deux fractures du fémur distal survenues pendant ou après arthroplastie de genou ont permis d'analyser les facteurs de risque des fractures au décours des arthroplasties totales de genou. Ces facteurs de risques ont été évalués à partir d'une étude comparative effectuée sur des arthroplasties totales de genou réalisées durant la même période et n'ayant pas présenté de fracture. Les fractures peropératoires sont survenues lors de l'utilisation d'une prothèse postéro-stabilisée avec sans doute préparation insuffisante de l'emplacement du carter de stabilisation, ou lors de l'intervention chirurgicale effectuée sur des genoux dont l'exposition était difficile. Les changements de prothèse de genou s'accompagnaient aussi d'un risque de fracture peropératoire, en particulier lorsqu'une tige fémorale était utilisée à la réintervention.

Les fractures du fémur distal qui sont survenues à distance de l'intervention chirurgicale (dans les années suivantes) étaient en rapport soit avec une pathologie générale (polyarthrite rhumatoïde, prise de corticoïdes, troubles neurologiques) soit chez des patients ayant déjà été opérés du même fémur, en particulier sur l'extrémité proximale (prothèse de hanche, synthèse, arthrodèse). Enfin, les patients opérés d'une chirurgie itérative de l'extrémité distale du fémur (ancienne ostéotomie) avaient un risque plus important de fracture de l'extrémité distale du fémur.

Purpose of the study

We reviewed fractures of the distal femur occurring during or after total knee arthroplasty in order to identify risk factors.

Material and methods

Twelve intraoperative fractures occurred between 1990 and 2000 in 617 total knee arthroplasties performed during this period. The circumstances of these fractures were noted in comparison with other prosthetic implants. Twenty other fractures of the distal femur occurred in 20 patients who had had a total knee arthroplasty during the same time period. Mean patient age at surgery was 72 years (range, 69-77). In addition to demographic data, we noted risk factors: bone demineralization related to general condition, rheumatoid arthritis or corticosteroid therapy, trochlear notch prior to the trochlear cut, bone resorption under the femoral implant, repeated knee surgery, abnormal stress on the distal femur due to hip disease, periprosthetic osteolysis without loosening related to polyethylene debris or metallosis, loosening, type of prosthesis, loss of bone stock because of the femoral implant, and life of prosthesis.

Results

Intraoperative fractures usually occurred in specific circumstances: use of a posterior stabilized prosthesis, probably with insufficient preparation and position of the stabilization element, probably excessive impaction in osteoporotic bone (rheumatoid arthritis), difficult exposure (arthroplasty after prior osteotomy), fracture starting from the separator passing over the posterior aspect of the tibia and reaching the intercondylar notch. Independently of these intercondylar fractures, supracondylar or diaphyseal fractures were essentially observed for revision prostheses using a femoral stem. Postoperative fractures were observed in patients who had prior surgery of the distal femur (revision of femoral osteotomy, fracture of the distal femur, arthrodesis), in patients with significant loss of bone stock (posterior stabilized prosthesis), or poor bone quality (rheumatoid arthritis), and in elderly patients with neurological impairment and frequent falls. The trochlear notch did not appear to be sufficient to be the only cause of fracture but was nevertheless an element frequently associated with other risk factors.

Discussion and conclusion

This study shows that fracture of the distal femur occurs in certain preferential circumstances. Considering these elements, a certain number of preventive measures can be discussed for technical modifications or choice of implants.


Mots clés : Fémur distal , arthroplastie totale genou , fracture péri-prothétique

Keywords: Distal femur , total knee arthroplasty , periprosthetic fracture


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Vol 92 - N° 2

P. 140-147 - Aprile 2006 Ritorno al numero

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