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Évaluation biomécanique d'une instrumentation rachidienne postérieure dans une fracture lombaire de type « burst » - 27/03/08

Doi : RCO-05-2007-93-3-0035-1040-101019-200520003 

M. Freslon [1],

T. Mosnier [1],

L.-E. Gayet [1],

W. Skalli [1]

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Le traitement chirurgical est indiqué dans les fractures instables du rachis thoraco-lombaire. Les montages postérieurs avec vis pédiculaires sont le plus souvent utilisés. Parfois, des crochets peuvent être préférés au-dessus de la fracture mais la stabilité apportée par de tels montages n'est pas connue.

Le comportement biomécanique de deux types de montage a été étudié dans différentes configurations lésionnelles sur douze segments rachidiens de cadavres humains. Le premier était composé de vis pédiculaires de part et d'autre de la fracture, chacune étant protégée par des crochets. Le deuxième comportait les mêmes vis et crochets sous la fracture mais différait par une pince lamo-lamaire au-dessus. Des tests à la rupture ont été également effectués pour déterminer des limites de chargement.

Ainsi, en flexion-extension comme en inclinaisons latérales, les mobilités moyennes des rachis étaient diminuées par rapport au rachis intact avec les deux instrumentations, alors que lors des rotations, elles étaient augmentées uniquement avec les montages composés des crochets. En effet, ces derniers glissaient le long des lames, même s'ils étaient placés en compression. Cependant, quel que soit le montage utilisé, les déplacements verticaux n'étaient pas maintenus lors des solli-citations en flexion-extension. Un renforcement vertébral peut donc être nécessaire pour le maintien de la hauteur verté-brale dans ce type de fracture. Les tests à la rupture ont montré qu'il était nécessaire de respecter des conditions aux limites précises et de ne pas dépasser 10,6 N.m afin de rester infra-lésionnel lors des tests de mobilité sous charge.

Biomechanical evaluation of posterior instrumentation for lumbar burst fracture: comparison of two internal devices

Purpose of the study

Burst fractures generally occur due to trauma to the thoracolumbar spine. Surgery is indicated for unstable fractures. Posterior instrumentation with pedicular screws is generally proposed. In certain circumstances, hooks may be preferred due to excessive risk of insertion of the pedicular screw. The purpose of this study was to compare two posterior instrumentations, one using pedicular screws on either side of the fracture each protected by hoods and a second composed of the same pedicular screws inserted under the fracture hooks above.

Material and methods

Twelve spinal specimens from human cadavers composed of segments T10 to L2 were used. Range of flexion, extension, lateral inclination, and rotation were noted on T10 up to application of 7 Nm. Spinal segments were tested first intact, then in four configurations: 1) instrumented without lesion, 2) lesion simulating burst fracture of L1 without section of the interspinous ligament, 3) and with section of the interspinous ligament, and 4) with L1 corporectomy. Finally a test to rupture was performed by applying a flexion moment up to fracture.

Results

Mean flexion-extension of the instrumented spine was limited compared with the intact spine for both instrumentation configurations and irrespective of the lesion. The same behavior was observed for lateral inclination with less pronounced motion with the first instrumentation. For rotation, the range of motion increased clearly with the second instrumentation and this with the first lesion while with the first instrumentation, rotation amplitude remained below that of the intact spine. There was however an increase in the vertical displacement during flexion-extension for both instrumentations. For the rupture test, the mean flexion moment at rupture was 14.4 Nm (10.6-22 Nm) with no difference between the two instrumentations.

Discussion

This mode simulating burst fractures of the spine appears to be reproducible and more realistic than corporectomy. Attention should be taken concerning the limits of this type of study since fractures can occur for forces as small as 10.6 Nm. Thus we observed that pedicle screw configurations and also fractures produced mean ranges of motion greater than intact segments irrespective of the type of lesion simulated. However, the net increase in motion was observed during rotation movements when hooks were used, even when they were placed only below the fracture. Putting pressure on the hooks does not prevent them from slipping along the lamina. But neither of these two configurations controls the fracture gap. A vertebral reinforcement might be necessary.


Mots clés : Rachis , biomécanique , fracture , instrumentation rachidienne , stabilité

Keywords: Spine , biomechanics , burst fracture , spinal instrumentation , stability


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Vol 93 - N° 3

P. 213-221 - Maggio 2007 Ritorno al numero
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