“Although there is ample evidence that beneficial results can be obtained from the use of mesenchymal stem cells, several questions regarding their use remain to be answered. For many of these questions, preclinical models will be helpful, but the task of evaluating and implementing these findings for orthopaedic patients falls onto the shoulders of clinical researchers. Evaluation of these questions is a daunting, but such a challenge fits the concept of personalized medicine in today’s medicine.”