Delirium is an acute confusional state with an average prevalence of about 20% in general hospital populations, based on both referral and consecutive admission study designs. It involves alterations in cognition, mood, perception, thinking, and sleep. Symptoms tend to fluctuate in intensity over a 24-hour period, with periods of relative lucidity interspersed with periods of more severe impairment. The features of delirium are as follows:
• | Diffuse cognitive impairment |
• | Perceptual disturbances and hallucinations (especially visual) |
• | Delusions (usually persecutory) |
• | Abnormalities of thought process |
• | Language alterations (especially semantic content of writing) |
• | Sleep–wake cycle disturbances |
• | Altered or labile affect |
• | Acute or abrupt onset of symptoms |
• | Fluctuation of symptom severity |
• | Identifiable (or presumed) physical cause |
Levels of consciousness and awareness may also fluctuate, though not reaching the degree of impairment of stupor or coma. Because the sleep-wake cycle in delirium is fragmented over a 24-hour period, fluctuations in level of awareness or consciousness might be affected by alterations in sleep physiology, including ultradian rhythms.
Several studies suggest that delirium as a comorbid condition increases length of stay during general medical hospitalizations,30 Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 1097-1101
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 37 Hales R.E., Polly S., Orman D. An evaluation of patients who received an organic mental disorder diagnosis on a psychiatric consultation-liaison service Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1988 ; 11 : 88-94
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 128 Thomas R.I., Cameron D.J., Fahs M.C. A prospective study of delirium and prolonged hospital stay Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988 ; 45 : 937-940
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références even when diagnosis related group (DRG)-adjusted. This has economic as well as personal suffering implications.
Elderly populations experiencing an episode of delirium have an especially poor prognosis. They have longer lengths of stay,36 Gustafson Y., Berggren D., Brahnstrom B. , et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 ; 36 : 525-530
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 56 Levkoff S.E., Evans D.A., Liptzin B. , et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 1992 ; 152 : 334-340
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 92 Pompeii P., Foreman M., Rudberg M.A. , et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: Outcomes and predictors J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-815
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références even when adjusted for DRG or illness severity,30 Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 1097-1101
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 92 Pompeii P., Foreman M., Rudberg M.A. , et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: Outcomes and predictors J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-815
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and increased in-hospital mortality.30 Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 1097-1101
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 92 Pompeii P., Foreman M., Rudberg M.A. , et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: Outcomes and predictors J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-815
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références Delirium during an index admission is associated with postdischarge functional decline in activities of daily living,36 Gustafson Y., Berggren D., Brahnstrom B. , et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 ; 36 : 525-530
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 52 Koponen H., Stenbach U., Mattila E. , et al. Delirium among elderly persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital: Clinical course during the acute stage and one year follow-up Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989 ; 79 : 579-585 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 63 Magaziner J., Simonsick E.M., Kashner T.M. , et al. Predictors of functional recovery one year following hospital discharge for hip fracture: A prospective study J Gerontol 1990 ; 45 : M101-M107
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 83 Murray A.M., Levkoff S.E., Wetle T.T. , et al. Acute delirium and functional decline in the hospitalized elderly patient J Gerontology 1993 ; 48 : M181-M186
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références persistent or progressive cognitive impairment 6 months later,29 Francis J., Kapoor W.N. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 ; 40 : 601-606
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 56 Levkoff S.E., Evans D.A., Liptzin B. , et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 1992 ; 152 : 334-340
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and loss of independent community living compared with prior-to-the-index admission.29 Francis J., Kapoor W.N. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 ; 40 : 601-606
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références, 56 Levkoff S.E., Evans D.A., Liptzin B. , et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 1992 ; 152 : 334-340
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références Mortality postdischarge of delirious elderly is increased compared with nondelirious elderly: at 6 months after the index admission 20%,36 Gustafson Y., Berggren D., Brahnstrom B. , et al. Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 ; 36 : 525-530
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références 26%,56 Levkoff S.E., Evans D.A., Liptzin B. , et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 1992 ; 152 : 334-340
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and 27%52 Koponen H., Stenbach U., Mattila E. , et al. Delirium among elderly persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital: Clinical course during the acute stage and one year follow-up Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989 ; 79 : 579-585 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références had died, and at 1 year 37%52 Koponen H., Stenbach U., Mattila E. , et al. Delirium among elderly persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital: Clinical course during the acute stage and one year follow-up Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989 ; 79 : 579-585 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and 39%29 Francis J., Kapoor W.N. Prognosis after hospital discharge of older medical patients with delirium J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 ; 40 : 601-606
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références had died. Francis et al30 Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 1097-1101
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références found that medical illness severity predicted 6-month mortality in delirious elderly patients. In many of these reports, delirium was comorbid with dementia, as high as 81% in a study by Koponen et al.52 Koponen H., Stenbach U., Mattila E. , et al. Delirium among elderly persons admitted to a psychiatric hospital: Clinical course during the acute stage and one year follow-up Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989 ; 79 : 579-585 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références Cognitive deficits that appear to persist following delirium might suggest residual delirium effects,56 Levkoff S.E., Evans D.A., Liptzin B. , et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients Arch Intern Med 1992 ; 152 : 334-340
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références but more likely these deficits are related to an underlying dementia that progressed51 Koponen H., Sirvio J., Lepola U. , et al. A long-term follow-up study of cerebrospinal fluid acetylcholinesterase in delirium Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1994 ; 243 : 347-351 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and that had previously increased the vulnerability to delirium on the basis of “diminished brain reserve” during the early yet undiagnosed period of dementia.30 Francis J., Martin D., Kapoor W.N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly JAMA 1990 ; 263 : 1097-1101
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références
Across a broad age range, there is significant morbidity and mortality associated with experiencing a delirium episode, even for a wide variety of underlying causes. Mortality is high: during the index admission it was 11%,92 Pompeii P., Foreman M., Rudberg M.A. , et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: Outcomes and predictors J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-815
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références 17%,37 Hales R.E., Polly S., Orman D. An evaluation of patients who received an organic mental disorder diagnosis on a psychiatric consultation-liaison service Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1988 ; 11 : 88-94
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références 23%,96 Rabins P.V., Folstein M.F. Delirium and dementia: Diagnostic criteria and fatality rates Br J Psychiatry 1982 ; 140 : 149-153 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and 26%140 van Hemert A.M., van der Mast R.C., Hengeveld M.W. , et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: A 5-year follow-up study of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation J Psychosom Res 1994 ; 38 : 339-346 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; at 3 months after admission it was 11%92 Pompeii P., Foreman M., Rudberg M.A. , et al. Delirium in hospitalized older persons: Outcomes and predictors J Am Geriatr Soc 1994 ; 42 : 809-815
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références and 30%144 Weddington W.W. The mortality of delirium: An under-appreciated problem? Psychosomatics 1982 ; 23 : 1232-1235
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; at 6 months it was 17%136 Trzepacz P.T., Teague G.B., Lipowski Z.J. Delirium and other organic mental disorders in a general hospital Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1985 ; 7 : 101-106 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; at 1 year it was 38%96 Rabins P.V., Folstein M.F. Delirium and dementia: Diagnostic criteria and fatality rates Br J Psychiatry 1982 ; 140 : 149-153 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références; and at 5 years it was 51%.140 van Hemert A.M., van der Mast R.C., Hengeveld M.W. , et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: A 5-year follow-up study of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation J Psychosom Res 1994 ; 38 : 339-346 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références Mortality rates are significantly higher for delirious than for nondelirious cases. At 5-year follow-up, however, mortality risk was more related to the underlying medical prognosis than to the previous episode of delirium.140 van Hemert A.M., van der Mast R.C., Hengeveld M.W. , et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: A 5-year follow-up study of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation J Psychosom Res 1994 ; 38 : 339-346 [cross-ref]
Cliquez ici pour aller à la section Références
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© 1996
W. B. Saunders Company. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.