Hyperandrogenism : Physiology, Etiology, Differential Diagnosis, Management - 27/08/11
Doi : 10.1016/B978-0-323-02951-3.50043-1
KEY TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Acanthosis Nigricans. : Dark, raised hyperpigmentation of the skin, found particularly on the nape of the neck and axilla.
5⍺-Androstane-3⍺,17β-diol Glucuronide (3⍺-diol-G). : A metabolite of 5⍺reductase conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that can be measured in serum and is the most accurate indicator of peripheral androgen metabolism.
Cryptic Hyperandrogenism. : Elevated levels of circulatory androgens without clinical manifestations of hirsutism or acne. It is usually accompanied by anovulation.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S). : An androgen secreted nearly exclusively by the adrenal gland. Serum levels are used as a marker of adrenal androgen activity.
Free Androgen Index (ng/nmol). : Measurement of biologically active testosterone, calculated as follows: total testosterone (ng/mL) times 1000 divided by sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (nmol/L).
Free Testosterone. : Small portion of circulating testosterone that is not bound to sex hormone-binding globulin or albumin.
Hilus Cell Tumor. : Small testosterone-secreting ovarian tumors that most frequently develop after menopause.
Hirsutism. : Presence of hair in locations where it is not normally found in a woman, specifically in the midline of the body (upper lip, chin, back, and intermammary region).
Hypertrichosis. : A generalized increase in the amount of body hair in its normal location.
Idiopathic Hirsutism (Constitutional or Familial Hirsutism). : This is an extremely common cause of hirsutism which is characterized by the findings of normal circulating androgens in otherwise normal ovulatory women. Hirsutism in these women is explained by an enhancement of the end organ (hair follicle) response to androgen; mostly because of enhanced 5⍺reductase activity.
17-Ketosteroids. : Urinary metabolites of DHEA, DHEA-S, androstenedione, and testosterone. They consist of DHEA, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.
Late-Onset Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia/Late-Onset 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (LOHD). : Also called late-onset hyperplasia, nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia attenuated, or acquired adrenal hyperplasia. Mild degree of enzymatic 21-hydroxylase deficiency of cortisol biosynthesis that produces signs of androgen excess after puberty without external sexual ambiguity being present at birth. This genetically acquired entity can be present in multiple forms depending on genetic factors.
Metformin. : An oral antihyperglycemic agent that improves glucose tolerance by decreasing hepatic glucose production and other less clear effects which decreases serum insulin. This agent induces ovulation whether or not a woman is glucose-intolerant, probably through a direct ovarian effect
Nonsex Hormone-Binding Globulin Bound Testosterone. : Biologically active component of circulatory testosterone, consisting of free testosterone and albumin-bound testosterone.
Pilosebaceous Unit. : Structure in skin from which sebaceous glands and hair are derived. Found in the skin in every area of the body except the palms and soles.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). : Probably the most common endocrine disorder in women. PCOS is classically characterized by the findings of irregular (anovulatory) cycles, symptoms or signs of androgen excess and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Newer criteria from a meeting in Rotterdam only require two of the three findings to establish the diagnosis. Although this is not universally accepted, the definition of PCOS can include women with normal ovulatory function
5⍺Reductase. : The enzyme that converts testosterone to its more active metabolite, dihydrotestosterone.
Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumor. : Testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor that usually is unilateral and palpably enlarged and occurs most frequently in the second to fourth decades of life. It was previously termed arrhenoblastoma.
Spironolactone. : An aldosterone antagonist that acts as an antiandrogen by binding to the peripheral androgen receptor without inducing androgenic activity. It also inhibits steroidogenesis by interfering with ovarian enzymatic activity as well as inhibiting 5⍺reductase activity in the pilosebaceous unit.
Stromal Hyperthecosis. : An ovarian disorder characterized by nests of luteinized theca cells within the stroma of bilaterally enlarged ovaries. Clinically this condition is associated with slowly but progressively increasing signs of virilization.
Virilization. : Presence of signs of masculinization in a woman. These signs include temporal balding, voice deepening, clitoral enlargement, and increased muscle mass.
5⍺-Androstane-3⍺,17β-diol Glucuronide (3⍺-diol-G). : A metabolite of 5⍺reductase conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) that can be measured in serum and is the most accurate indicator of peripheral androgen metabolism.
Cryptic Hyperandrogenism. : Elevated levels of circulatory androgens without clinical manifestations of hirsutism or acne. It is usually accompanied by anovulation.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S). : An androgen secreted nearly exclusively by the adrenal gland. Serum levels are used as a marker of adrenal androgen activity.
Free Androgen Index (ng/nmol). : Measurement of biologically active testosterone, calculated as follows: total testosterone (ng/mL) times 1000 divided by sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (nmol/L).
Free Testosterone. : Small portion of circulating testosterone that is not bound to sex hormone-binding globulin or albumin.
Hilus Cell Tumor. : Small testosterone-secreting ovarian tumors that most frequently develop after menopause.
Hirsutism. : Presence of hair in locations where it is not normally found in a woman, specifically in the midline of the body (upper lip, chin, back, and intermammary region).
Hypertrichosis. : A generalized increase in the amount of body hair in its normal location.
Idiopathic Hirsutism (Constitutional or Familial Hirsutism). : This is an extremely common cause of hirsutism which is characterized by the findings of normal circulating androgens in otherwise normal ovulatory women. Hirsutism in these women is explained by an enhancement of the end organ (hair follicle) response to androgen; mostly because of enhanced 5⍺reductase activity.
17-Ketosteroids. : Urinary metabolites of DHEA, DHEA-S, androstenedione, and testosterone. They consist of DHEA, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.
Late-Onset Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia/Late-Onset 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (LOHD). : Also called late-onset hyperplasia, nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia attenuated, or acquired adrenal hyperplasia. Mild degree of enzymatic 21-hydroxylase deficiency of cortisol biosynthesis that produces signs of androgen excess after puberty without external sexual ambiguity being present at birth. This genetically acquired entity can be present in multiple forms depending on genetic factors.
Metformin. : An oral antihyperglycemic agent that improves glucose tolerance by decreasing hepatic glucose production and other less clear effects which decreases serum insulin. This agent induces ovulation whether or not a woman is glucose-intolerant, probably through a direct ovarian effect
Nonsex Hormone-Binding Globulin Bound Testosterone. : Biologically active component of circulatory testosterone, consisting of free testosterone and albumin-bound testosterone.
Pilosebaceous Unit. : Structure in skin from which sebaceous glands and hair are derived. Found in the skin in every area of the body except the palms and soles.
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). : Probably the most common endocrine disorder in women. PCOS is classically characterized by the findings of irregular (anovulatory) cycles, symptoms or signs of androgen excess and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Newer criteria from a meeting in Rotterdam only require two of the three findings to establish the diagnosis. Although this is not universally accepted, the definition of PCOS can include women with normal ovulatory function
5⍺Reductase. : The enzyme that converts testosterone to its more active metabolite, dihydrotestosterone.
Sertoli–Leydig Cell Tumor. : Testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor that usually is unilateral and palpably enlarged and occurs most frequently in the second to fourth decades of life. It was previously termed arrhenoblastoma.
Spironolactone. : An aldosterone antagonist that acts as an antiandrogen by binding to the peripheral androgen receptor without inducing androgenic activity. It also inhibits steroidogenesis by interfering with ovarian enzymatic activity as well as inhibiting 5⍺reductase activity in the pilosebaceous unit.
Stromal Hyperthecosis. : An ovarian disorder characterized by nests of luteinized theca cells within the stroma of bilaterally enlarged ovaries. Clinically this condition is associated with slowly but progressively increasing signs of virilization.
Virilization. : Presence of signs of masculinization in a woman. These signs include temporal balding, voice deepening, clitoral enlargement, and increased muscle mass.
Plan
© 2007 Mosby, Inc. Tous droits réservés.© 1961 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1991 Blackwell Scientific. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1991 Blackwell Scientific. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1982 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1986 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1987 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1976 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1975 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1983 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1981 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1982 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1976 Academic Press. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1988 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1992 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1975 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1985 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1987 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1986 Blackwell Scientific. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1961 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1991 Blackwell Scientific. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1986 Medical Economics Books. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1991 Blackwell Scientific. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1989 McGraw-Hill. Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.© 1994 Publié par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.
Article précédent
- Hyperprolactinemia, Galactorrhea, and Pituitary Adenomas : Etiology, Differential Diagnosis, Natural History, Management
- Rogerio A. Lobo
- Infertility : Etiology, Diagnostic Evaluation, Management, Prognosis
- Rogerio A. Lobo
Bienvenue sur EM-consulte, la référence des professionnels de santé.
L'accès au texte intégral de ce chapitre nécessite l'achat du livre ou l'achat du chapitre.
Bienvenue sur EM-consulte, la référence des professionnels de santé.
L’accès au texte intégral de cet article nécessite un abonnement.
Déjà abonné à ce produit ?