The aim of the present study was to determine the perioperative and long-term cardiac outcomes of patients who underwent elective open or endovascular major vascular surgery corrected for cardiac risk factors and dobutamine stress echocardiography. Consecutive patients who underwent either endovascular (n = 123) or open (n = 560) vascular surgery from 1996 to 2004 at Erasmus Medical Center were enrolled. Patients were screened for cardiac risk factors (advanced age, gender, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, heart failure, diabetes, stroke, renal failure), cardioprotective medication, and the presence of stress-induced ischemia by dobutamine stress echocardiography. Postoperative data on troponin release and electrocardiography were routinely collected on days 1, 3, and 7 and before discharge. After discharge, patients were regularly screened at the outpatient clinic. The main outcome measures were perioperative and long-term cardiac death and myocardial infarction. The incidence of perioperative cardiac events was significantly less in endovascular-treated patients compared with conventionally treated patients, also after adjustment for clinical risk factors, dobutamine stress echocardiography, and medication (hazard ratio [HR] 0.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07 to 0.53). In contrast, during long-term follow-up (median 3.8 years, range 0 to 8.4), the incidence of long-term cardiac mortality and myocardial infarction were similar in the 2 groups (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.52). In conclusion, endovascular stent grafting is associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative complications compared with open vascular surgery. Despite the initial perioperative survival benefit, patients who undergo endovascular surgery remain at high risk for late cardiac events.