The accurate assessment of pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy is important in planning radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of the present study was to perform a head-to-head comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multislice computed tomography (CT) for the evaluation of PV morphology before RFCA of AF. Contrast-enhanced MRI (on a 1.5-T system) and multislice CT (on a dual-source system) were performed for the evaluation of the PVs in 44 consecutive patients (31 men, mean age 56 ± 10 years) admitted for RFCA of drug-refractory AF. Data on PV anatomy, ostial branching pattern, and ostial dimensions were compared between MRI and multislice CT. Variant PV anatomy was observed in 21 patients (48%) with the 2 imaging approaches. The incidence of PV ostial branching, as assessed with MRI and multislice CT, was higher on the right and more common in the inferior than superior vein. Agreement between the 2 imaging modalities for the evaluation of variant PV anatomy (κ = 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.77 to 0.97) and ostial branching pattern (κ = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 0.93) was nearly perfect. Assessment of PV ostial cross-sectional area as well as maximal and minimal ostial diameters resulted in strong agreement and correlation (r² = 0.75 to 0.99, p <0.001 for all) between the 2 imaging approaches. In conclusion, MRI and multislice CT of the PVs appear to provide similar and detailed anatomic and quantitative information before RFCA of AF.