Fusarium species cause severe infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Few data are available concerning the outcome of fusariosis in the era of the expanding antifungal armamentarium.

We retrospectively identified patients with hematologic malignancy and positive cultures for Fusarium species at the MDACC (1998–2009). The diagnosis of proven or probable fusariosis was made according to modified EORTC/MSG criteria.

Forty-four cases (75% proven) were identified over study period. Most (71%) patients had uncontrolled hematological malignancy and 21 patients (47%) received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (85% allogeneic). Most patients (82%) were neutropenic at diagnosis (75% < 100/mm³). Patients had overlapping clinical syndromes: sinus 27%, pulmonary 75%, skin 68%, fungemia 36% and disseminated infection 70%. Bacterial (54%), fungal (36%) and viral (27%) co-infections were common. Most patients (84%) received combination therapy (typically a lipid formulation of amphotericin B and a triazole) with a mean duration of 28 days. Mortality at 12 weeks was 66%; 50% of deaths were attributable to Fusarium. Factors associated with increased likelihood of death at 12 weeks, included albumin <3.5 mg/dL, fungemia, and ICU admission; neutrophil recovery and fusariosis limited to skin were associated with improved survival (P < 0.05). Fungemia with Fusarium spp (OR 15.9; 1.1–231; P = 0.042) was the only risk factor independently associated with 12-week mortality with only 1/17 (6%) of patients still alive at 12 weeks.

Fusariosis, although uncommon, continues to have poor prognosis in neutropenic leukemic patients who present with fungemia.