The microbial ecology of the human gut is made up of many different species of beneficial microorganisms, mostly bacteria. The integrity of the gut and general health are crucially dependent on these beneficial bacterial species. A variety of microbial communities reside in the human gut in symbiotic interactions, the majority of which are advantageous. According to reports, aberrant bacterial species colonization causes gut dysbiosis and serves as a catalyst for a number of human diseases. Understanding the diverse microbial species that live in the human gut and how they are related to human health and a number of disorders has been the subject of extensive research. Less research has been done on the postbiotics, such as chemistry and biochemistry, and their connections to human health. Postbiotics are defined as non-viable microbial cells, metabolic metabolites, and their microbial by-products released after lysis. Understanding the postbiotic landscape is essential to determining its source and method of synthesis, whether natural or artificial. Therefore, it is crucial to profile the ecology of the gut's microbes as well as the habitat since these factors have an impact on the postbiotic metabolites that are created. In order to relate human health and disease based on postbiotic rather than microbial species, it will be more important to address specific metabolites. The present study stresses the importance of gut microbial ecology in human physiology and health. Postbiotics profiles may be helpful in gaining access to gut ecology, and these molecular markers may act as early diagnostic tools for a variety of disorders. The most recent studies show that postbiotics increase immunological function, allergic reactions, neurological diseases, acute and chronic diarrhoea, and immune function. In the future, effort can be made to develop a quantitative-effect relationship evaluation method that is more rational, scientific, and better to give stronger support for the healthy and long-term development of postbiotic preparations.