Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments - 11/11/23

Doi : 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115734

Samar A. Antar ^a,^b,^{^{1
Equally contributed.}}, Nada A. Ashour ^c,^{^{1
Equally contributed.}}, Marwa Sharaky ^d, Muhammad Khattab ^e, Naira A. Ashour ^f, Roaa T. Zaid ^g, Eun Joo Roh ^h,ⁱ, Ahmed Elkamhawy ^j,^k,^⁎ , Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy ^l,^g
^a Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
^b Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
^c Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
^d Cancer Biology Department, Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
^e Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Division of Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
^f Department of Neurology, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University, New Damietta 34518, Egypt
^g Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Giza 12566, Egypt
^h Chemical and Biological Integrative Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
ⁱ Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
^j BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
^k Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
^l Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt

^⁎Correspondence to: BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea.BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-SeoulGoyang10326Republic of Korea

Abstract

Nowadays, diabetes mellitus has emerged as a significant global public health concern with a remarkable increase in its prevalence. This review article focuses on the definition of diabetes mellitus and its classification into different types, including type 1 diabetes (idiopathic and fulminant), type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hybrid forms, slowly evolving immune-mediated diabetes, ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes, and other special types. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus are also discussed. The role of inflammation in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is explored, along with the mediators and potential anti-inflammatory treatments. Furthermore, the involvement of various organs in diabetes mellitus is highlighted, such as the role of adipose tissue and obesity, gut microbiota, and pancreatic β-cells. The manifestation of pancreatic Langerhans β-cell islet inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired insulin production and secretion are addressed. Additionally, the impact of diabetes mellitus on liver cirrhosis, acute kidney injury, immune system complications, and other diabetic complications like retinopathy and neuropathy is examined. Therefore, further research is required to enhance diagnosis, prevent chronic complications, and identify potential therapeutic targets for the management of diabetes mellitus and its associated dysfunctions.

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Abbreviations : DM, T1D, T2D, LADA, LADY, GAD, MODY, HNF-1, FPG, OGTT, HbA1c, TNF-α, NF-κB, JNKs, IRS-1, c-RP, MCP-1, IL-6, IFN-γ, PAI-1, AGEs, ROS, RAGE, NK, iNOS, CVD, AT, MCP-1, LDL, PPAR-ɣ, NSAIDs, BAT, WAT, GSIS, FFAs, CAT, GLT, SOD, ROOH, MDA, ETC, MAM, TLRs, CEB/Ps, MEF2, HIF-1, IST, IRS-1, IKK-B, GSK-3, AMPK, mTOR, p38 MAPK, MRC, DAG, IST., LPS, SCFAs, IP-10, ImP, BCAA, TMAO, NAFLD, HCV, NASH, CIN, GFR, TGF-β1, JAK-STAT, SMPDL3b, JAML, CaMKII, SERCA2a, HDACs, PBMCs, TIRAP, HIF1α, VEGF-1, Sema4d, VE-Cadherin, Ang1, EPA, DHA, 12-HETE, DPP4i, HCN2, ApoE, NTR, NT-3, NGF

Keywords : Diabetes, Diagnosis, Etiology, Genetics, Complications, Inflammation, Treatment

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Diabetes mellitus: Classification, mediators, and complications; A gate to identify potential targets for the development of new effective treatments - 11/11/23

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