Although chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia (FN) is the most common and life-threatening oncologic emergency, the characteristics and outcomes associated with return visits to the emergency department (ED) in these patients are uncertain. Hence, we aimed to investigate the predictive factors and clinical outcomes of chemotherapy-induced FN patients returning to the ED.

This single-center, retrospective observational study spanning 14 years included chemotherapy-induced FN patients who visited the ED and were discharged. The primary outcome was a return visit to the ED within five days. We conducted logistic regression analyses to evaluate the factors influencing ED return visit.

This study included 1318 FN patients, 154 (12.1%) of whom revisited the ED within five days. Patients (53.3%) revisited the ED owing to persistent fever (56.5%), with no intensive care unit admission and only one mortality case who was discharged hopelessly. Multivariable analysis revealed that shock index >0.9 (odds ratio [OR]: 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–2.10), thrombocytopenia (<100 × 10³/uL) (OR: 1.64, 95% CI, 1.11–2.42), and lactic acid level > 2 mmol/L (OR: 1.51, 95% CI, 0.99–2.25) were associated with an increased risk of a return visit to the ED, whereas being transferred into the ED from other hospitals (OR: 0.08; 95% CI, 0.005–0.38) was associated with a decreased risk of a return visit to the ED.

High shock index, lactic acid, thrombocytopenia, and ED arrival type can predict return visits to the ED in chemotherapy-induced FN patients.