To investigate the characteristic of nasopharyngeal microbiota at different states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection.

Participants were recruited from a chest hospital and were divided into three groups: the active tuberculosis (ATB) group, the latent TB infection (LTBI) group and the healthy control (HC) group. Nasopharyngeal microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing and clinical laboratory test results of ATB patients were collected and statistically analyzed.

Eleven ATB patients, 19 LTBI individuals and 18 healthy controls were included. Compared with LTBI group, Proteobacteria (P=0.04) and Gammaproteobacteria (P=0.01) increased in the ATB group. Compared with HC group, Pseudomonadales (P=0.03) and Moraxellaceae (P=0.04) increased, while Bacillales (P=0.04) and Lachnospiraceae (P=0.03) decreased in ATB group. Furthermore, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium accounted for 70–80% in HC and LTBI groups. While in ATB group, they were less than 40%. Moreover, relative abundance of Corynebacterium, Corynebacteriaceae and Mycobacteriales was positively correlated with serum adenosine deaminase while negatively correlated with albumin, hemoglobin, and platelet counts in ATB patients.

The composition of nasopharyngeal microbiota changed significantly after MTB infection. The correlations between Corynebacterium and nutritional status (hemoglobin and albumin), immune-related molecules (adenosine deaminase) and inflammation-related indicators (platelet) in ATB patients deserve further exploration.