Tuberculosis (TB) disease has rarely been reported in patients with sickle cell disease, but it is associated with an increased risk of bacterial infections. In France, sickle cell disease is frequent in populations with the highest prevalence of TB disease. We aimed to highlight clinical aspects of TB disease in patients with sickle cell disease.

Over a 10-year period, we retrospectively included all adults with sickle cell disease who had a positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis managed in the adult sickle cell center of Henri-Mondor hospital. Sickle cell patients with TB disease were matched for comparison to adults without hemoglobinopathy and with documented TB disease in a 1:2 ratio. Logistic regression mixed models were performed.

Twelve patients with sickle cell disease and documented TB disease (median age: 29years; IQR [25–34]) were compared to 24 non-sickle cell patients (median age: 33years; IQR [27.5–38.5]). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups except for sickle cell disease. Ten of the 12 patients with sickle cell disease had pulmonary TB. TB disease characteristics were similar between sickle cell and non-sickle cell patients although sickle cell patients had fewer positive sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (P=0.003) and fewer lung cavitations (P=0.03).

TB disease in sickle cell patients was globally similar to non-sickle cell patients, even though less infectious. Regular follow-up in specialized centers might allow for earlier TB disease diagnosis in sickle cell patients.