Data on the prognosis of patients treated with oral anticoagulation (OAC) prior to hospital admission for COVID-19 remains controversial and insufficient. Therefore, we endeavored to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of chronic use of OAC prior to the diagnosis of COVID-19 on intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality. An electronic search of the Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane library databases was conducted. Meta-analysis and statistical analyses were completed with using the RevMan 5.3 and Stata 12.0. A total of 13 articles representing data from 1,266,231 participants were included in this study. The meta-analysis of unadjusted results showed no decrease in mortality (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.73, P = 0.059) or ICU admission rate (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.29 to 1.77, P = 0.46) in COVID-19 patients with prior OAC therapy at hospital admission compared to patients without prior use of OAC. Moreover, the meta-analysis of adjusted results showed no lower risk of mortality (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.90 to 1.30, P = 0.415) or ICU admission (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.72 to 3.12, P = 0.284) in patients with prior OAC use compared to patients without previous OAC use. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed that the use of OAC prior to hospital admission appeared to be ineffective in reducing the risk of intensive care need and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate and optimize the use of OAC in COVID-19 infection.