Akihiro Nishi a, b, ⁎
, Lily F. Lee a
, Hiroshi Tsuji c
, Yohsuke Takasaki d
, Sean D. Young e, f 
a Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
b California Center for Population Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
c Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-0826, Japan
d Institute for Sustainable Society, Meguro, Tokyo 153-0051, Japan
e University of California Institute for Prediction Technology, Department of Informatics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
f Department of Emergency Medicine, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92868, United States