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Preliminary observations on IGRA testing for TB infection in patients with severe COVID-19 eligible for immunosuppressive therapy - 26/11/20

Doi : 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106204 
Alessandro Torre a, 1, Stefano Aliberti b, c, Paola Francesca Castellotti d, e, Daniela Maria Cirillo e, f, Antonella Grisolia g, Davide Mangioni h, Giulia Marchetti i, Roberto Rossotti j, Pierachille Santus k, l, Giorgio Besozzi e, Simone Villa e, m, , 1 , Luigi Ruffo Codecasa d, e, 1
on behalf of the

Milan TB-COVID-19 study group

Alessandra Bandera u, n, o, Francesco Blasi p, Daniela Campisi q, Maurizio Ferrarese q, Andrea Gramegna p, Alessandra Lombardi r, Alessandro Mancon s, Marco Mantero p, Antonio Muscatello u, Matteo Passerini s, Marco Piscaglia s, Matteo Saporiti q, Marco Schiuma t
n Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 
o Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy 
p Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 
q TB Reference Centre and Laboratory, Villa Marelli Institute, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy 
r Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Virology and Bioemergency, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy 
s 1st Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy 
t 3rd Division, Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy 
u Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 

a III Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy 
b Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 
c Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 
d Regional TB Reference Centre and Laboratory, Villa Marelli Institute/ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy 
e Stop TB Italia ONLUS, Milan, Italy 
f Emerging Pathogens Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy 
g I Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy 
h Infectious Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy 
i Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Health Sciences, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy 
j Department of Infectious Diseases, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy 
k Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (DIBIC), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 
l Division of Respiratory Diseases, “L. Sacco” University Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy 
m Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy 

Corresponding author. Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH), University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza, 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.Centre for Multidisciplinary Research in Health Science (MACH)University of MilanVia Francesco Sforza35Milan20122Italy

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Abstract

COVID-19, the novel coronavirus pandemic, has already spread around the globe affecting more than 18 million people. As previously observed with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 deeply dysregulate the immune system eliciting respiratory failure and a state of systemic hyperinflammation in severely ill individuals. Immunotherapy is often used to downgrade the detrimental effects of the disease sustained by high-level of cytokines. Those treatments, however, are known to undermine patients’ ability to contain tuberculosis (TB) infection. This study aims to describe interferon-γ release assay (IGRA) results in severe COVID-19 patients eligible for immunosuppressive treatment. Aggregate data were gathered from five hospitals in Milan, Italy, from March 1 to May 15, 2020 and retrospectively analyses. Results were summarized using absolute frequencies and percentages and compared using a two-sided Chi-squared test. Overall, 462 COVID-19 patients were eligible for immunosuppressive therapy, among which 335 were tested using IGRA testing. More than one-third of them (122/335; 36.4%) had an indeterminate IGRA result because of insufficient immune response to mitogen control, 19 (5.7%) tested positive and 194 (57.9) negative. The majority of patients with lymphocytopenia (i.e., total lymphocyte count [TLC] below 1000 cells/mm3) had indeterminate IGRAs (81/155; 52.3%). The proportion becomes even higher in patients with severe lymphocytopenia (i.e., TLC<500 cells/mm3) (36/57; 63%). Our results suggest a possible negative impact of COVID-19 related immune dysregulation on TB infection assessment and management. Close monitoring of individuals with or without retesting of individuals with indeterminate IGRAs and further basic science investigations should to be sought to better comprehend their implication on TB epidemiology.

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Highlights

So far, no data on the effect of COVID-19 and anti-IL-1/-6 agents in TB progression.
IGRA indeterminate was associated to severe lymphocytopenia in COVID-19 patients.
Patients with indeterminate IGRA treated with anti-IL-1/-6 were more likely to die.
A monitoring program is needed to avoid late diagnosis and poor outcome of TB.

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Keywords : COVID-19, Tuberculosis, IGRA, Cytokine-blocking agents, Tocilizumab, Anakinra


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Article 106204- décembre 2020 Retour au numéro
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