Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions - 22/07/20

Hirokazu Yoshikawa, PhD ^{1, ⁎}∗

  Contributed equally.

, Alice J. Wuermli, PhD ^1, ∗

  Contributed equally.

, Pia Rebello Britto, PhD ², Benard Dreyer, MD ^{3, 4}, James F. Leckman, MD, PhD ⁵, Stephen J. Lye, PhD ^{6, 7}, Liliana Angelica Ponguta, PhD ⁸, Linda M. Richter, PhD ⁹, Alan Stein, FRCPsych ¹⁰

¹ Global TIES for Children, New York University, New York, NY 

² Early Childhood Development, UNICEF, New York, NY 

³ Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 

⁴ Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY 

⁵ Departments of Child Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 

⁶ Alliance for Human Development, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

⁷ Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 

⁸ Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, CT 

⁹ DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development , University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa 

¹⁰ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK 

^∗Reprint requests: Hirokazu Yoshikawa, PhD, University Professor and Co-Director, Global TIES for Children, New York University, 627 Broadway, Room 815, New York, NY 10012.University Professor and Co-DirectorGlobal TIES for ChildrenNew York University627 BroadwayRoom 815New YorkNY10012

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