Surgical Facial Esthetics for Gender Affirmation - 27/02/20

Doi : 10.1016/j.det.2019.10.011

Jonathan M. Sykes, MD ^a,^b,^⁎ , Amanda E. Dilger, MD ^c, Alexander Sinclair, MD ^d,^{^{1
Present address: 9001 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 202, Beverly Hills, CA 90211.}}
^a Facial Plastic Surgery, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
^b Facial Plastic Surgery, Roxbury Institute, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
^c Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 5 Medical Plaza, Suite 100. Roseville, CA 95661, USA
^d Transgender Center, Southern California Hospital System, Culver City, CA, USA

^∗Corresponding author. 5 Medical Plaza, Suite 100, Roseville, CA 95661.5 Medical PlazaSuite 100RosevilleCA95661

Résumé

The sexual identity of an individual is obvious to most observers with a glance or when only noticing a portion of the face. The overall appearance of the male face is quite different from the female face. Differences in facial structures—such as brow bone, chin, nose, or lips—can be quite small. It is the sum of these differences that creates the obvious dimorphism in facial appearance. This article outlines sexual differences between facial features and discusses surgical procedures designed to alter facial appearance and sexual identity. The diagnosis of facial dimorphism and limitations of these techniques are outlined.

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Keywords : Facial feminization, Transgender surgery, Facial plastic surgery, Rhinoplasty, Facial anatomy