Infant Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections - 06/07/19

Doi : 10.1016/j.iac.2019.03.005

Santtu Heinonen, MD, PhD ^a, Rosa Rodriguez-Fernandez, MD, PhD ^b,^c, Alejandro Diaz, MD ^d,^e, Silvia Oliva Rodriguez-Pastor, MD ^f,^g, Octavio Ramilo, MD ^d,^e, Asuncion Mejias, MD, PhD ^d,^e,^g,^⁎
^a New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 347, Helsinki 00029 HUS, Finland
^b Department of Pediatrics, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Hospital Materno-Infantil Gregorio Marañón, Madrid 28009, Spain
^c Section of General Pediatrics, Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
^d Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
^e Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State Collage of Medicine, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
^f Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Malaga 29001, Spain
^g Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Malaga Medical Shool, Malaga University (UMA), Malaga, Spain

^∗Corresponding author. Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, WA4022, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, OH 43205.Center for Vaccines and ImmunityThe Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s HospitalWA4022700 Children’s DriveColumbusOH43205

Résumé

Of all respiratory viruses that affect infants, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) represent the leading pathogens causing acute disease (bronchiolitis) and are associated with the development of recurrent wheezing and asthma. The immune system in infants is still developing, and several factors contribute to their increased susceptibility to viral infections. These factors include differences in pathogen detection, weaker interferon responses, lack of immunologic memory toward the invading pathogen, and T-cell responses that are balanced to promote tolerance and restrain inflammation. These aspects are reviewed here with a focus on RSV and RV infections.

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Keywords : RSV, Rhinovirus, Innate immunity, Adaptive immune response

Plan

Key points

Introduction

The innate immune response

Respiratory Epithelium and Pathogen Detection

Interferon Responses

Other Cytokines

Innate Immune Cells

Adaptive immune responses

Humoral Immune Responses

Cellular Immune Responses

Age-specific differences in immune responses

Host Transcriptional Profiling

Summary

Disclosures: A. Mejias and O. Ramilo have received research grants from Janssen. A. Mejias has received fees for participation in advisory boards from Janssen and lectures from Abbvie. O. Ramilo has received fees for participation in advisory boards from Abbvie, HuMabs, Janssen, Medimmune, Merck, and Regeneron and lectures from Abbvie. R. Rodriguez-Fernandez has received fees from participating in advisory boards and lectures from Abbvie. Those fees were not related to the research described in this article.