Small children with tracheostomy are at potential risk and have very specific needs. International literature describes the need for tracheostomy in 0.5% to 2% of children following intubation. Reports of children submitted to tracheostomy, their characteristics and needs are limited in developing countries and therefore there is a lack of health programs and government investment directed to medical and non-medical care of these patients. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of these children and identify problems related to or caused by the tracheostomy.

A retrospective cohort study was performed based on a common database applied in four high complexity healthcare facilities to children submitted to tracheostomy from January 2013 to December 2015. Data concerning children's demographics, indication for tracheostomy, early and late complications related to tracheostomy, airway diagnosis, comorbidities and decannulation rates are reported. Patients who did not present a complete database or had a follow-up of less than six months were excluded.

A total of 160 children submitted to tracheostomy during the three-year period met the criteria and were enrolled in this study. Median age at tracheostomy was 6.9 months (ranging from 1 month to 16 years, interquartile range of 26 months). Post-intubation laryngitis was the most frequent indication (48.8%). Comorbidities were frequent: neurologic disorders were reported in 40%, pulmonary pathologies in 26.9% and 20% were premature infants. Syndromic children were 23.1% and the most frequent was Down's syndrome. The most common early complication was infection that occurred in 8.1%. Stomal granulomas were the most frequent late complication and occurred in 16.9%. Airway anomalies were frequently diagnosed in follow-up endoscopic evaluations. Subglottic stenosis was the most frequent airway diagnosis and occurred in 29.4% of the cases followed by laryngomalacia, suprastomal collapse and vocal cord paralysis. Decannulation was achieved in 22.5% of the cases in the three-year period. The main cause for persistent tracheostomy was the need for further treatment of airway pathology. Mortality rate was 18.1% during this period but only 1.3% were directly related to the tracheostomy, the other deaths were a consequence of other comorbidities.

Tracheostomies were performed mostly in very small children and comorbidities were very common. Once a tracheostomy was performed in a child in most cases it was not removed before a year. The most common early complication was stoma infection followed by accidental decannulation. The most frequent late complication was granuloma and suprastomal collapse. Airway abnormalities were very frequent in this population and therefore need to be assessed before attempting decannulation.