Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis : Clinical perspectives - 12/11/15

Doi : 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.08.051

Marc Z. Handler, MD ^a, Parimal A. Patel, MD ^a, Rajendra Kapila, MD ^b,^c,^d, Yasin Al-Qubati, MD ^e, Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP (Edin) ^a,^c,^d,^f,^⁎
^a Dermatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
^b Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
^c Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
^d Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
^e Dermatology, Taiz University School of Medicine, Yemen
^f Rutgers School of Public Affairs and Administration, Newark, New Jersey

^∗Reprint requests: Robert A. Schwartz, MD, MPH, FRCP (Edin), Professor and Head, Dermatology, Rutgers University New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103-2714.

Abstract

Leishmaniasis is endemic in 98 countries and territories, with 1.2 million new cases per year, making it a worldwide concern. The deadly visceral form is a leading cause of death from tropical parasitic infections, second only to malaria. Leishmaniasis appears to be increasing in many countries because of extended urbanization. The disease reservoir includes small mammals; parasite transmission occurs via bite of the female phlebotomine sandfly. Disease manifestations vary and largely depend upon the Leishmania species acquired. It may be first evident with a range of findings—from a localized cutaneous ulcer to diffuse painless dermal nodules—or, in the mucocutaneous form, ulceration of the oropharynx. In the potentially deadly visceral form, the internal organs and bone marrow are affected.

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Key words : bat, dog, gerbil, kala-azar, leishmaniasis, parasitic disorders, protozoan diseases, rodents, sandfly, tropical diseases, ulcer

Abbreviations used : LRV, PKDL, WHO